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- The Rebellion Against Victorianism
-
- The 1890's was in time for transformation for the English society.
- After Queen Victoria died the heart of the Victorian culture seemed to
- fade. England was beginning to experience economic competition from
- other states and a gradual decline from its former pinnacle of power.
- Politically, the Parliament experienced some fundamental power shifts
- after the turn of the century. This essay will address the climate of
- change in the English culture and its expressions. The changes occurred
- in two separate and distinct time periods. These time periods are the
- turn of the century from 1890's to World War II. The second period is
- WWII to 1970's.
- The new century brought about an end to the old and stuffy
- Victorian life-styles. The social stigmas of women and their behavior
- was challenged and change by the rise of feminism in 1910. Women began
- to protest against the system for women 's suffrage. One instance these
- "violent women" ran around in the city smashing store windows to get
- notoriety for their cause. Books such as the Odd Women, featured a
- fictional representation of "professional women". They were classified
- in two categories, both an attack on the social institution of
- marriage. The first of these new women were out only for fun. The
- second was the concept of an asexual being who did not need a man.
- These women owned their own flats and had various jobs usually
- secretarial in nature.. The book expressed an uncomfortable period of
- transformation. Working women were not completely accepted by English
- society at this time. The book portrayed different lives and how they
- coped with their situations.1
- The male character was also in a state of change. This change
- brought about the term "new men". These new men were classified by a
- "sexual anarchy". This movement was predominantly a middle class,
- liberal expression. Many were young male artisans who were homosexual .
- The word homosexuality was created by an amendment to criminal law
- which had declared all acts of sodomy as illegal. Previous to this
- amendment the act of homosexuality was punishable by hanging. Doctors
- and scientist had seen homosexuality as a disease, thus the need
- developed for a "cure". Sexuality became all inclusive.
- There was a large aesthetic movement which was also inherent in
- this "new" culture. This movement classified art as being done for
- art's sake. Art was now being viewed as separate from society. This
- meant that art could be a personal expression rather than a group think
- project. These attributes coined the term the "Decadent Movement".
- The England was experiencing tremendous growth in its economy
- and political change during this time. However, this growth was also
- shared by to other rival countries, Germany and the United States.
- England had a fear of the massive economic strength of the United
- States. England, at the turn of the century, was no longer the
- international hegemon it was a decade previous. This caused the English
- look introspectly at itself.
- The political change occurred inside of the Parliament. The
- conservative House of Lords began vetoing new liberal budget proposals.
- Both the Prime Minister and the House of Commons were liberal in their
- political affiliation. The vetoing created a deadlock in the
- government. The Prime Minister and the House of Commons proposed a
- referendum which would nullify the House of Lords power of veto over the
- budgetary matters. This was presented to the House of Lords with an
- ultimatum. If the referendum was not passed the House of Lords would
- be flooded with liberal Middle class citizens. The referendum was then
- passed and the deadlock broken. This shift of power was crucial in the
- infrastructure of the political system of England.
- World War I left a tremendous impression of reality on the
- English. Their confidence was compromised due to the ineffectiveness in
- combat and their dependence of United States aid for victory. This is
- the true end of all of the glory held by the British Empire. The
- English were left with a tremendous national debt totalling at $7
- billion dollars. England would never be a hegemon in the international
- community again.
- World War II brought a feeling of unity back to England. "The
- Battle for Britain" with the inspirational radio speeches of Winston
- Churchill inspired national pride to the British. The period of decline
- enhanced by WW I, a large debt and the Great Depression had traumatic
- effects on the English psyche. The civilian bombing planned by Hitler
- tried to enhance this feeling of despair. However, it accomplish the
- exact opposite. The children of England were sent to the country side.
- These children were predominantly working class children. When the
- upper class saw the state that these children where in the showed pity
- and concern. Other factors which brought the populace together was a
- consolidation of national opinion, full employment and the previous
- mentioned speeches of Churchill.
- Thus, it can be seen that the period of 1890's to the end of
- World War II marked the end of Victorianism. This end was achieved by
- both internal and external factors. Internal institutions of
- Victorianism in cultural and social structures were slowly eroded by
- sexual identity. The concept of "The New Woman and New Men" challenged
- traditional values inherent to the Victorian class Structures and
- morality. The event of the two wars brought the external reality of
- Britain's role in the international community home. Both English
- dominance and hegemonic imperialism were curbed and set into perspective
- during this time period.
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